The Role of Vitamin C against Structural Changes in Testis of Male Albino Rats Induced by Tramadol and its Withdrawal

Section: Article
Issue
Vol. 17 No. 2 (2021): Volume 17 Issue 2
Pages
1865-1878

Keywords:

Tramadol, vitamin C, Testis, withdrawal

Abstract


Nowadays tramadol misused and abused is wide spread mainly among young and middle-aged people, especially males as it used in management of premature ejaculation and for orgasm extension. However, these patients are susceptible to many problems after long term administration of tramadol including histological changes on testis. This study is designed to study the effect of tramadol on the histological change of testis and its withdrawal effect with the possibility of vitamin C to reverse these changes. Fifty adult male albino rats were used in this study. Animals were divided into five equal groups: Group A (control group), rats were injected with distilled water. Group B(treated with tramadol only)(TGI), rats were injected with tramadol (50mg/kg b.wt.). Group C (treated with tramadol + vitamin C) (TGII), rats were injected with vitamin C (100mg/Kg/b.wt.) half hour prior to tramadol injection in the same dose as in TGI. These animals were injected intraperitoneally (I.P.) for 4 wks. Group D (treated group B withdrawal) (TGI WD), rats treated as group B then left for two wks. as withdrawal group. Group E (treated group C withdrawal) (TGII WD), rats treated as group C then left for two wks. as withdrawal group. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed and testis was removed and preserved in a fixative and processed to get paraffin wax block and prepared for microscopic examination. The results showed histological changes in the tramadol treated rats were irregularity and atrophy of S.T. with widening of the interstitisum along with arrest of spermatogenesis at level of spermatid in most of seminiferous tubules (S.T.) while in others it arrested at level of spermatocyte with exfoliated germinal epithelium in the lumens of most tubules. Vacuoles are present in cytoplasm of spermatocytes with detachment of degenerated germinal epithelial cells from basement membrane, the interstitisum has been shown vacuolated homogenous acidophilic material. After adding of vitamin C in Group C (TGII), the histological findings have been shown improvement in the histological structure of testis.In both withdrawal groups (Group D &E), there were signs of improvement in the S.T. mainly in group E that appeared somewhat like normal. This study was concluded that tramadol caused structural changes in testicular tissues with poor reversibility following withdrawal but adding vitamin C has role in alleviated the histological changes and accelerated the reversibility.

Nowadays tramadol misused and abused is wide spread mainly among young and middle-aged people, especially males as it used in management of premature ejaculation and for orgasm extension. However, these patients are susceptible to many problems after long term administration of tramadol including histological changes on testis. This study is designed to study the effect of tramadol on the histological change of testis and its withdrawal effect with the possibility of vitamin C to reverse these changes. Fifty adult male albino rats were used in this study. Animals were divided into five equal groups: Group A (control group), rats were injected with distilled water. Group B (treated with tramadol only)(TGI), rats were injected with tramadol (50mg/kg b.wt.). Group C (treated with tramadol + vitamin C) (TGII), rats were injected with vitamin C (100mg/Kg/b.wt.) half hour prior to tramadol injection in the same dose as in TGI. These animals were injected intraperitoneally (I.P.) for 4 wks. Group D (treated group B withdrawal) (TGI WD), rats treated as group B then left for two wks. as withdrawal group. Group E (treated group C withdrawal) (TGII WD), rats treated as group C then left for two wks. as withdrawal group. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed and testis was removed and preserved in a fixative and processed to get paraffin wax block and prepared for microscopic examination. The results showed histological changes in the tramadol treated rats were irregularity and atrophy of S.T. with widening of the interstitisum along with arrest of spermatogenesis at level of spermatid in most of seminiferous tubules (S.T.) while in others it arrested at level of spermatocyte with exfoliated germinal epithelium in the lumens of most tubules. Vacuoles are present in cytoplasm of spermatocytes with detachment of degenerated germinal epithelial cells from basement membrane, the interstitisum has been shown vacuolated homogenous acidophilic material. After adding of vitamin C in Group C (TGII), the histological findings have been shown improvement in the histological structure of testis. In both withdrawal groups (Group D &E), there were signs of improvement in the S.T. mainly in group E that appeared somewhat like normal. This study was concluded that tramadol caused structural changes in testicular tissues with poor reversibility following withdrawal but adding vitamin C has role in alleviated the histological changes and accelerated the reversibility.

References

  1. Nossaman, V.E.; Ramadhyani, U., Kadowitz, P.J.(2014). Advances in perioperative pain management: Use of medications with dual analgesic mechanisms, tramadol & tapentadol.
  2. Anesthesiol Clin.28(4):647-66.Gillman, P.K. (2005). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity. Br J Anaesth.95(4):434–441.
  3. Zhang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Q. (2014). Bioavailability of tramadol hydrochloride after administration via different routes in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos.35(9): 525–31.
  4. Adikwu, E.; Ebinyo, C.; Nelson, E.C.(2018). Assessments of kidney function and morphology of tramadol diclofenac treated albino rats. Advancements in Life Sciences (als).5(3):104-12.).
  5. Lee, H.J.; Cha, K.E.; Hwang, S.G.; Kim, J.K.; Kim, G.J. (2011). In vitro screening system for hepatotoxicity: comparison of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and Placenta-derived stem cells. J Cell Biochem. 112(1): 49-58.
  6. Tjaderborn, M. (2013). Fatal unintentional intoxication with tramadol. Forensic Sci Int.175(1): 109-115.Chi, H.J.; Kim, J.H.; Ryu, C.S. (2008). Protective effect of antioxidant supplementation sperm-preparation medium against oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. Hum Rep rod.23(5): 1023-1028.
  7. Vigueras, V.R.M.; Ojeda, I.; Gutierrez, P.O. (2011). Protective Effect of α-Tocopherol on damage to rat testes by experimental cryptorchidism. Int J Exp Pathol.92(2):131-139.
  8. Yousef, M.I.; Abdallah, G.A.; Kamel, K.I. (2003). Effect of ascorbic acid and vitamin E supplementation on semen quality and biochemical parameters of male rabbits. Anim. Reprod. Sci.76(1-2): 99–111.
  9. Padayatty, S.J.; Katz, A.; Wang, Y. (2003). Vitamin C as an antioxidant, evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr.22(1): 18-35.
  10. Youssef, S.H.; Zidan, A.H.M. (2016). Histopathological and biochemical effects of acute and chronic Tramadol drug toxicity on liver, kidney and testicular function in adult male albino rats. J Med Toxicol Clin Forensic Med.1(2):40-50.
  11. Azari, O.; Emadi, L.; Kheirandish, R.(2014). The effects of long term administration of tramadol on epididymal sperm quality and testicular tissue in mice. Iran J Vet Surg.9(1):23-30.
  12. El-Ghawe, H.A. (2015). Effects of tramadol on the reproductive function of Wistar albino rats. Eur J Exp Biol. 5(1):56–64.
  13. Sawy, M.M. and Abdel Malak, H. W. (2015). Effect of tramadol abuse on testicular tissue of adult albino rats: a light and electron microscopic study. The Egyptian Journal of Histology. 38(2):356-366.
  14. Soliman, M.E.; Atteya, S.E.; Ghobashy, H. A.E.; Dalia, A.E.; Noya ,D. A.E.; Mahmoud, R.A. (2017). The effect of tramadol on seminiferous epithelium of albino rats and the protective effect of vitamin C. Menoufia Med J.30 (4) :1125-1134.
  15. Ragab, K.I. and Mohamed, H.Z. (2017). Histological changes of the adult albino rats entorhinal cortex under the effect of tramadol administration: histological and morphometric study, Alex J Med.53(2):123-133.
  16. Abou El Fatoh, M.F.; Farag, M.; Sayed, A.E.; Kamel,M.A.; Abdel-Hamid, N.;Hussein, M.; Salem, G.A.(2014). Some biochemical, neurochemical, pharmacotoxicological and histopathological alterations induced by long-term administration of tramadol in male rats. Int J Pharm Sci.4(1):565–571.
  17. Abou Elnaga, A.A.; Kassab, A.A.; Soliman, G.M.; El Shal, A.O. (2018). Histological and immunohistochemical study of the effect of tramadol on the seminiferous tubules of adult albino rat and the effect of its withdrawal. Tanta Medical Journal.46(1):38–53.Mohamed, D.; Saber, A.; Omar, A.; Soliman, A. (2014).
  18. Effect of cadmium on the testes of adult albino rats and the ameliorating effect of zinc and vitamin E. Br J Sci. 11(1):72–95.Abdellatief, R.; Elgamal, D.; Mohamed, E. (2015). Effects of chronic tramadol administration on testicular tissue in rats: An experimental study. Andrologia. 47(6): 674–9.
  19. Salama, N.; Bergh, A.; Damber, J. (2003). The changes in testicular vascular permeability during progression of the experimental varicocele. Eur Urol. 43(1):84–91.
  20. Muthu, K.; and Krishnamoorthy, P. (2012). Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on mercuric chloride-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 1(7):1-5.
  21. Keshavars, M.; Takhshid, M.A.; Tavasoli, A.; Kargar Jahromi,' H.; Meshkibaf, M.H.; Heydari, Y. (2012). The protective effects of vitamin E and C against oxidative stress induced by sulfasalazine in the testis of male adult rats. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 1(4):206–215.
  22. Valko, M.; Rhodes, C.J.; Moncol, J. (2006). Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact. 160(1): 1-40.
  23. Yousef, M.I.; Abdallah, G.A.; Kamel, K.I. (2003). Effect of ascorbic acid and vitamin E supplementation on semen quality and biochemical parameters of male rabbits. Anim Reprod Sci. 76(1-2): 99–111.
  24. Ghoneim, F.M.; Khalaf, H.A.; Elsamanoudy, A.Z.; Helaly, A.N. (2014). Effect of chronic usage of tramadol on motor cerebral cortex and testicular tissues of adult male albino rats and the effect of its withdrawal: Histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 7(11): 7323-41.
  25. Nna, V.U.; Udefa, A.L.; Ofutet, E.O.; Osim, E.E. (2017). Testicular and Epididymal Histology of Rats Chronically Administered High Doses of Phosphodiesterase -5 Inhibitors and Tramadol. Niger J. Physiol.Sci. 23(1):55-61.
  26. Ibrahim, M.A.; Salah-Eldin, A.E. (2019). Chronic Addiction to Tramadol and Withdrawal Effect on the Spermatogenesis and Testicular Tissues in Adult Male Albino Rats. Pharmacology.103(3-4):202-211.
  27. Catani, M.V.; Savini, I.;Rossi, A. (2005). Biological role of vitamin C in keratinocytes. Nutr Rev. 63(3): 81-90.
  28. Angulo, C.; Maldonado, R.; Pulgar, E.; Mancilla, H. (2011). Vitamin C and oxidative stress in the seminiferous epithelium. Biol Res. 44(2):169–180.

Authors

Rana M. Ahmad

University of Mosul/ College of Medicine/ Department of Anatomy

Abduljabbar Y. AL-Hubaity

University of Mosul/ College of Medicine/ Department of Anatomy

Nadwa S. Alazow

University of Mosul/ College of Medicine/ Department of Anatomy

Identifiers

DOI: 10.33899/berj.2021.168581

Download this PDF file
PDF

Statistics

How to Cite

The Role of Vitamin C against Structural Changes in Testis of Male Albino Rats Induced by Tramadol and its Withdrawal. (2021). College of Basic Education Research Journal, 17(2), 1865-1878. https://doi.org/10.33899/berj.2021.168581
Copyright and Licensing
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

The Role of Vitamin C against Structural Changes in Testis of Male Albino Rats Induced by Tramadol and its Withdrawal. (2021). College of Basic Education Research Journal, 17(2), 1865-1878. https://doi.org/10.33899/berj.2021.168581